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Terminology and Portability Terminology and Portability ; int salen; foo(sa, salen) 2. To have a switch statement to determine length of sockaddr. With this approach, however, the application will not be able to support sockaddrs with unknown address family. struct sockaddr *sa; int salen; switch (sa->sa_family) { case AF_INET: salen = sizeof(sockaddr_in); break; case AF_INET6: salen = sizeof(struct sockaddr_in6); break default: fprintf(stderr, not supportedn ); exit(1); /*NOTREACHED*/ } Missing Type for Variables In some cases, your platform may not have the type declaration used in this book. In such cases, use the following: If socklen_t is not defined such as older *BSD releases: Use unsigned int instead. If in_port_t is not present: Use u_int16_t. If u_int8_t, u_int16_t, and u_int32_t are not found: If your system has /usr/include/inttypes.h (which is defined in the recent C language standard), you may use uint8_t, uint16_t, or uint32_t, respectively, after #include .
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Terminology and Portability Terminology and Portability This book does not try to cover every aspect of IPv6 technology the book constrains itself to the IPv6-capable programming on top of socket API. There are numerous reading materials on IPv6 technology, so readers are encouraged to read them before starting to work on this book. Also, the book assumes a certain level of expertise in socket API programming. The book does not try to explain every aspect of socket API programming; please read the material listed in the References for an introductory description to socket API. Terminology and Portability This section describes notations and terminologies used in this book. Here we also discuss porting issues of examples when you are using operating systems that are not 4.4BSD variants. Terminology System calls and system library functions are usually denoted by UNIX manpage chapters: socket(2) or printf(3). Nodes means any IP devices. Routers are any nodes that forward packets for others. Hosts are nodes that are not routers (however, in this book, we don t really need to make distinctions between them). Portability of Examples The examples in the book compile and run on latest *BSD releases. I tried to make the examples as correct as possible. If you are planning to use the examples on other platforms, here are some tweaks dependent on OS implementations. Solaris, Linux, Windows XP struct sockaddr has no sa_len member. Therefore, it is not possible to get the size of a given sockaddr when the caller of the function passed a pointer to a sockaddr. The only ways to work around this problem are: 1. To always pass around the length of sockaddr separately on function calls:
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About This Book This book tries to outline how to write an IPv6-capable application on a UNIX socket API, or how to update your IPv4 application to be IPv6-capable. The book tries to show portable and secure ways to achieve these goals. Write Portable Application Programs There are a large number of platforms that support socket API for network programming. When you write an application on top of socket API, you will want to see your program work on as many platforms as possible. Therefore, portability is an important factor in application programming. As many of you already know, there are many UNIX-like operating systems, as well as non-UNIX operating systems that implement socket APIs. For instance, Windows XP does implement socket API; Mac OS X uses BSD UNIX as the base operating system and provides socket API to the users (Apple normally recommends the use of Apple APIs). So the book tries to recommend portable ways of writing IPv6-capable programs. Be Security Conscious When Writing Programs Security is a great concern these days in the Internet if you are a network administrator, I guess you are receiving tons of spam, email viruses, and vendor advisories every day. To secure the Internet infrastructure, every developer has to take a security stance to audit every line of code as much as possible, to use proper API, and write a correct and secure code. To achieve this goal, in this book, efforts are made to ensure correctness of the examples. The examples presented in this book are implemented with security stance. Also, the book tries to lead you to write secure programs. For instance, the book recommends against the use of some of the IPv6 standard APIs;
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viii Preface viii Preface The transition to IPv6 requires an upgrade of router software and host operating systems, as well as application software. This book focuses on how you can modify your network application software, based on the socket API, to support IPv6. When you write a network application program, you will want the program to be IPv6capable, so that it will work just fine on the IPv6 network, as well as the IPv4 network. After going through this book, you will be able to make your programs IPv6-ready. It will also help you port your IPv4-capable application to become IPv6-capable at the same time. In this book, we advocate address-family independent socket layer programming for IPv6 transition. By following the instructions in the book, your code will become independent from the address family (such as AF_INET or AF_INET6). This is the best way to support IPv6 in your program, compared with other approaches (such as hardcoding AF_INET6 into the program). I would like to thank the editor for the Japanese edition of the book, Ms. Eiko Akashima, and translator for the Japanese edition of the book, Ms. Ayako Ogawa (the original manuscript of the book is in English, even though it was first published in Japan). On the technical side, I would like to thank Mr. Craig Metz, who generously permitted us to include his paper on address-family independent programming, as well as the members of the WIDE/KAME project, who have made a lot of useful suggestions to the content of the book. Jun-ichiro itojun Hagino Tokyo, Japan
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Preface Here in Japan, it looks like the Internet is deployed everywhere. Not a day will go by without hearing the word Internet. However, many people do not know that we are very close to reaching the theoretical limit of IPv4. The theoretical limit for the number of IPv4 nodes is only 4 billion much fewer than the world s population. People in trains and cars send email on their cellphones using small numeric keypads. Most of these devices are not connected to the real Internet these cellphones do not speak the Internet Protocol. They use proprietary protocols to deliver emails to the gateway, and the gateway relays the emails to the Internet. Cellular operators are now trying to make cellphones a real VoIP device (instead of email only device) to avoid the costs of operating proprietary phone switches/devices/gateways and to use inexpensive IP routers. There are a lot of areas where the Internet and the Internet Protocol have to be deployed. For instance, we need to enable every vehicle to be connected to the IP network in order to exchange information about traffic congestion. There are plans to interconnect every consumer device to the Internet, so that vendors can collect information from the machines (such as statistics), as well as provide various value-added services. Also, we need to deploy IP to every country in the world, including highly populated areas such as China, India, and Africa, so that everyone has equal opportunity to access the information on the Internet. To deploy the Internet Protocol to wider domains, the transition from IPv4 to IPv6 is critical. IPv4 cannot accommodate the needs discussed previously, due to the limitation in address space size. With IPv6 we will be able to accomodate 3.4 1038 nodes to the Internet it should be enough for our lifetime (I hope).
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Contents Contents 4.1 Parsing a IPv6 Address out of String 49 4.2 Issues with : As a Separator 49 4.3 Issues with an IPv4 Mapped Address 50 4.4 bind(2) Ordering and Conflicts 51 4.5 How IPv4 Traffic Gets Routed to Sockets 52 4.6 Portability across Systems 52 4.7 RFCs 2292/3542, Advanced API 54 4.8 Platform Support Status 54 5 A Practical Example 59 5.1 Server Program Example popa3d 59 5.2 Further Extensions 62 5.3 Client Program Example nail 62 A Coming updates to IPv6 APIs 81 B RFC2553 Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6″ 83 C RFC3493 Basic Socket Interface Extensions for IPv6 125 D RFC2292 Advanced Sockets API for IPv6″ 165 E RFC3542 Advanced Sockets Application Program Interface (API) for IPv6″ 233 F IPv4-Mapped Address API Considered Harmful 311 G IPv4-Mapped Addresses on the Wire Considered Harmful 317 H Possible Abuse Against IPv6 Transition Technologies 323 I An Extension of format for IPv6 Scoped Addresses 333 J Protocol Independence Using the Sockets API 345 References 355
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Contents Preface vii About This Book ix Write Portable Application Programs ix Be Security Conscious When Writing Programs ix Terminology and Portability x 1 Introduction 1 1.1 A History of IPv6 and Its Key Features 1 1.2 Transition from IPv4-Only Internet to IPv4/v6 Dual Stack Internet 4 1.3 UNIX Socket Programming 6 1.4 IPv6 Architecture from a Programmer s Point of View 10 2 IPv6 Socket Programming 13 2.1 AF_INET6: The Address Family for IPv6 13 2.2 Why Programs Need to Be Address-Family Independent? 14 2.3 Guidelines to Address-Family Independent Socket Programming 17 3 Porting Applications to Support IPv6 27 3.1 Making Existing Applications IPv6 Ready 27 3.2 Finding Where to Rewrite, Reorganizing Code 27 3.3 Rewriting Client Applications 29 3.4 Rewriting Server Applications 31 v
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(Stamp comment librus …………. 1/20/2006 9:24:52 AM blank) Copyright 2004, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher. Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier s Science & Technology Rights Department in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333, e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line via the Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting Customer Support and then Obtaining Permissions. Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. ISBN: 1-55558-318-0 For information on all Elsevier Digital Press publications visit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com 040506070809 10987654321 Printed in the United States of America
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IPv6 Network Programming IPv6 Network Programming Amsterdam Boston Heidelberg London New York Oxford Paris San Diego San Francisco Singapore Sydney Tokyo
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